The Ethical Continuum :: Essays Papers

The Ethical Continuum An April 2002 ethics survey conducted by Zogby International included the question, â€Å"which of the following statements about ethics was most often transmitted by †¦ your professors,† but it provided only two answer choices: a general definition of absolutism and a specific definition of relativism.1 The pollsters, along with many who contemplate the issue, commit a false dichotomy and blind themselves by seeing relativism and absolutism as black and white. Contrary to the beliefs of moral nihilists and Kantians, ethics need not be ruled by extreme definitions of relativism or absolutism. If, instead, the two theories are juxtaposed as opposite ends of a continuum, then a more moderate approach to ethics becomes visible which represents a true compromise between relativism and absolutism. For purposes of this essay, the ‘most â€Å"enlightened† approach to ethics’ must be intellectually sound and promise positive moral progress. Deontological theories, â€Å"which take right and wrong as primary,† stand at the extreme end of the absolutist side of the moral continuum, and the most well known of the ultimate principles embraced by moral objectivism is Immanuel Kant’s categorical imperative.2 In his Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant undertakes the absolutist’s quest for a â€Å"supreme principle of morality,† and after meticulous consideration of human will and rational decision making, he declares that people should only commit acts â€Å"that [they] could also will that [their] maxim should become a universal law†.3 The categorical imperative is one of philosophy’s best attempts to provide an absolute principle, but when scrutinized, this famous dictum is not universal or logical. As one of the Enlightenment’s greatest proponents, Kant heralds the presence of equivalent rational thought in all men and develops his theories with an optimistic assessment of â€Å"the moral knowledge of common human reason†.4 This proposed parity creates problems with the categorical imperative because Kant believes that common reason produces common decision making, void of emotional considerations. However, the categorical imperative requires people to will certain actions, and what people will is unquestionably determined by desire, a purely emotional thought. Although Kant attempts to ensure the universality of his principle by removing â€Å"all subjective motives,† such as emotion, he incorrectly associates the human will with rational thought instead of desire.

Noise pollution: Physical effects of noise pollution and governmental restrictions on it Essay

Running head: NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 1 Noise pollution: Physical effects of noise pollution and governmental restrictions on it NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 2 Physical effects of noise pollution and governmental restrictions on it. â€Å"Pollution being the most dangerous problem Likes cancer in which death is sure but slow.† Deepak Miglani. Who would think that moving to the one of the nicest areas of central Prague could make your life a waking and a sleeping nightmare? Concerts, combined with the sounds of rock drills, chain saws, helicopters, cars and horses, tourists and loud music could drive everyone crazy. Could loud noise lead not only to mental, but also physical, health problems? Does the government do anything to protect citizens? To answer this question, I decided to go deeper into this problem and describe it in my research paper. Noise, a prototypical environmental stressor, has clear health effects in causing hearing problems, ringing in the ears, sleep disturbance and poor work performance. But physical health effects are less evident and much more dangerous. (Health Hearing, 2010) Disastrously, these undesirable sounds can seriously damage one’s health in a number of ways including hard illnesses, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, breathing difficulties, deafness, ulcers needless, neurosensory and motor impairment. (Agarwal, 2009) Many governments are now trying to control noise through passing noise pollution laws and regulations. For example, to protect citizens from motorcycle noise, Canadian government adopt special noise regulation according to which â€Å"anyone with a two-wheeler that emits more than 92 dB while idling and 96 dB while running can get a $250 fine.† (Health Hearing, 2010) But let’s look at the noise pollution problem in more detail. According to The Oxford English Dictionary (1989), noise is derived from the Latin word â€Å"nausea† meaning unwanted sound or sound that is loud, unpleasant or unexpected. Noise pollution refers to sounds in the environment that are produced by human activities and which disturbs the human being and cause an adverse effect on mental and psychological wellbeing. Decibel is the NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 3 standard unit for measurement of sound. (Pollution articles, 2009) Usually 80 db is the level at which sound becomes physically painful. (Health Hearing, 2010) In order to better understand noise pollution, it is first important to understand where it comes from. Sources of noise are almost everywhere around us. Basically, there are two types of sources: stationary and mobile. Stationary sources could be festivals, elections, mining operations and household equipment. Mobile sources can be divided in 4 major categories, such as traffic noise, industrial noise, noise from constriction work and neighborhood noise. (Kakada, 2010) Traffic noise is one of the major problems, which is difficult to avoid. In fact, noise from cars, buses, and motorcycles impacts more people than any other environmental noise source. It is the main source of noise (73%), according to survey conducted several years ago. (Health Hearing, 2010) In addition, aircraft noise is really unbearable for human ears. Supersonic jet planes produce noise which can shake buildings, crack plaster or break windows, so we can imagine what would be the effects of such noise on human body. Noise from railroads comes not only from locomotive engines, but also horns and whistles, switching and shunting operation in rail yards. (Agarwal, 2009) Industries also cause a lot of noise with their fans, motors and compressors. In result among industrial workers deafness is unfortunately a common consequence. (Boateng, C.A., & Amedofu, G.K., 2004) Another source of undesirable sound is from the construction of buildings, city streets and highways, which include pneumatic hammers, air compressors, bulldozers, loaders and dump trucks. (Barton, 1970) Sometimes even noises in your building can be very irritable. If house is not well constructed and walls and ceilings improperly insulated, dwellers are often annoyed noise from  plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, fans and voices, footfalls and noisy activities from neighbors. In addition, noisemakers of the house could be household equipment, such as vacuum cleaners, mixers and some kitchen appliances. Though they do not cause too much problem, their effect cannot be neglected, but it is still have influence on health. (eSchooltoday, 2010) Noise pollution can affect human health in the long run. What is health, anyway? According NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 4 to Robert Alex Barton, Health is â€Å"freedom from disease†. (Barton, 1970, p. 53) It will not become visible immediately, but could appear later. Research has proved the fact that human efficiency in working decreases with noise and increases with noise reduction. Due to lack of concentration and sleep disturbance, people need to spend more time to complete their task, which leads to tiredness, stress and problems with cognitive function. (Lifestyle Lounge, 2013) But much more dangerous are physical responses to noise exposure. Sometimes, being surrounded by too much noise, people can be victims of certain diseases like blood pressure, heart problems, temporary or permanent deafness. (Stansfeld & Matheson, 2003) Temporary or permanent hearing loss is the most immediate and acute effect of noise. When exposed to very loud and sudden noise, acute damage occurs to t he eardrum and can damage some part of auditory system. (Macalester College, 2012) According to the U.S. Public Health Service in year 1991, 10 million from 21 million Americans have hearing impairments and the main reason for that is noise exposure (Suter, 1991). In 2010 there were already 28 million Americans with hearing impairments from noise. (Kakada, 2010) Besides, our noisy environments are one of the main sources for cardiovascular problems, especially high blood pressure. (Suter, 1991) Researchers have revealed that high level of sounds can give a dramatic raise to the blood pressure. It also increases the heart beat rate. Dr. Samuel Rosen of CQC warns, â€Å"We now have millions with heart disease, high blood pressure†¦ who need protection from additional stress of noise.† (Barton, 1970, p. 55) Researchers found that even during the night time noise can increase a person’s blood pressure without waking him up. The louder the noise, the higher the rise in blood pressure. (Song,  2008) Basically, this process of body’s reaction to noise can make a circle: noise rise the blood pressure, on its turn, blood pressure contribute to heart disease, and that is a cause of high blood pressure. (Barton, 1970) It has b een said, â€Å"You may forgive noise, but your arteries never will† (Agarwal, 2009, p. 104). Investigators discovered that noise can cause complex hormonal changes such as increase of adrenal hormones and decrease of ovarian hormones, which can actually influence fertility, growth and other essential NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 5 functions of body. When the noise is too loud, the defense reaction turns to be harmful, and can lead to bleeding uncles in stomach and intestines, shrink of lymph tissues and enlargement of glands. (Barton, 1970) Another health issue caused by noise pollution is problems with cognitive function. A person, constantly surrounded by some loud noise, can lose his ability to read, solve, understand and learn. In addition, this person can suffer from short term memory loss and poor productivity, together with high level of errors. (Stansfeld & Matheson, 2003) Another effect of noise is Fatigue, caused by lack of concentration and higher amount of time people spending to complete their task. (Lifestyle Lounge, 2013) To reduce level of noise, governments are creating noise pollution laws, regulations or ordinance. (Health Hearing, 2010) According to Kinetics Noise Control, noise ordinance is a special laws developed by state governments to limit noise level at different arias and different time of the days. During the daytime, the maximum available noise level is higher than during the night time. Some small cites still don’t have noise ordinance, but in a big cities this already becomes an â€Å"important part of the community’s health.† (Kinetics Noise Control, 2013) The question, which I will now is how to recognize noise disturbance? According to my own research, many people don’t complain about noise because they are not sure what is the level of noise which you have a right to contact a law enforcement agency. Gainesville Police Department defines noise ordinance as follows: 1. Disturbs a reasonable person of normal sensitivities 2. Exceeds the sound level limit set forth in the ordinance, as measured by a  sound level meter 3. Is plainly audible, which is defined as noise that can be heard a minimum of 200 feet from the property line of the source of the noise – This type of noise includes amplified music, musical instruments, televisions, radios and non-amplified human voices (â€Å"yelling, shouting, whistling, hooting or generally creating a racket†) ( Gainesville Police Department, 2013) The most common urban noise disturbance nowadays are loud parties, barking dogs, construction works, domestic power tools, apartments’ noise and loud car stereos. (Gainesville Police Department, 2013) If you want to report noise disturbance, you NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 6 should call communication center and provide them with information about location of the source of the noise disturbance or an address, description of type of the noise and how long it has been going on. You may stay anonymous, but your name, address and phone number will be really helpful for successful enforcement based on disturbing reasonable person of normal sensibilities. (Gainesville Police Department, 2013) In case if noise ordinance is violated, you can also report it to the police or to law enforcement agency. After that, police officer will visit and record noise level at the place of the complaint and, according to result, the agency may force owner to take corrective actions or to pay fines. (Kinetics Noise Control, 2013) According to the Florida legal system, if an officer found that there is noise disturbance and if it is the first incident, the person who is responsible for it will receive warning remains in effect for 365 days,. If there is more noise during this 365 days, the violator is issued a Civil Citation, which will be recorded at the Police Department. In this case the violator will have to pay a $250 fine. If there is another noise complaint, he will be pun ished by $500 and if it happens again, he will receive Civil Citation with a mandatory court appearance and fine up to $500. (Gainesville Police Department, 2013) In Hong Kong rules are stricter. For neighborhood noise you can get maximum $10,000 penalty; noise from construction sites, industrial type of noise and noise from products could lead you to $100,000 fine on first conviction, $200,000 penalty on second conviction, plus $20,000 a day; noise from intruder alarm system installed in any vehicle will cost you maximum $10,000 and the same amount for an intruder alarm system installed in any premises, plus possible imprisonment for three months. (Environmental Protection Environment, 2013) In New York  City fines started from $70 for such noise sources as radio, noise from animals, etc and it goes up to $16,000 for music from commercial establishment on second conviction. (NYCDEP, 1998) In Europe the adoption of noise ordinance, such as determining exposure to environmental noise through noise mapping and action planning is still developing. On 25 June 2002, Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parlia ment and the Council, relating to the assessment and management of environment noise (hereinafter Environmental Noise Directive, NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 7 END), was adopted. First implementation brought good results, but there are still some difficulties such as need for indicators and strengthened enforcement mechanisms and there are still some areas which need improvement. (EUR -Lex, 2011) Besides governmental protection, each person should take some simple steps to protect himself or herself from noise pollution. You should keep the volume of your musical player at a comfortable noise level and take breaks from listening. If you are involved in loud work, don’t forget to wear earplugs, earmuffs or any other hearing protective devices, which are required by law to protect you from hearing loss. (Health Hearing, 2010) Be alert to loud noise in your environment and inform your friends and family about harm of noise pollution. Nowadays, when noise pollution becomes an overall global problem and is taken as seriously as other forms of pollution, as it is similarly damaging to human health, governments are taking steps to protect their population against noise disturbance by creating federal standards and state laws. But citizens should also take individual steps to reducing noise pollution for themselves and for others. I agree with Robert Alex Barton: â€Å"A quieter world is possible, if †¦ we don’t take noise for an answer.† (Barton, 1970, p. 276) NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 8 Selected Bibliography 1. Health Hearing.(2010). Reasons for Hearing Loss: Noise Pollution Levels. Retrieved from http://www.healthyhearing.com/content/articles/Hearing-loss/Causes/47496-Nois

About the First Super Bowl Stadium, the LA Coliseum

Human Development A Simple Farmer Or Hunter Gatherer

Man has developed far beyond his humble beginning as a simple farmer or hunter gatherer. We have innovated, globalized and expanded our knowledge in many different areas in science and technology and with these expansions have changed our societies and world forever; most of them in a positive light. However, has our vast human development inhibited us from our basic duties and social responsibility to each other. Have we forgotten simply to care for each other and acknowledge each other as one species; made in His image with a fundamental goodness that must be met in order to obtain absolute love and truth. Has the charity between man and neighbor been forgotten? In modern translation, it is acceptable to replace charity with love and vise versa, however, the modern translation of these words have been diluted from their original scriptural meanings. The Greeks had four words for â€Å"love†. Agape, which was used to identify love that was selflessly committed to the well-being of another, while phileo (brotherly-love), eros (romantic love) and storge (fondness) we used to describe the inner affections. When the word agape was used in the context of vertical action (God towards man and/or man towards God), it is translated as â€Å"love.† However, when the word agape is used in the context of horizontal action (person to person), it is translated as charity. In modern translations, love has become more of an abstract passivity than its original meaning; we have mentally equated it toShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the negative and positive aspects of the development of agriculture. Was it, or was it not the worst mistake in the history of the human race?1690 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss the negative and positive aspects of the development of agriculture. Was it, or was it not the worst mistake in the history of the human race? 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For example, it was important to understand when the plants and animals were domesticated in the region and why some chose to adopt certain growing and domination techniques and some did not. Readers also learn that the spread of plants and animals play a significant role in the development and growth of societies. â€Å"Writing marched together with weapons, microbes (germs), and centralized

Short Story - 870 Words

We’re going to head East towards Europe from here. We will be crossing the Atlantic Ocean via underground tunnels. We are going to need lots of water for this trip. The next safe house is at least 200 miles away. That means we will be sleeping in the underground tunnels. There will be lots of people at these safe houses though, it will be easy to get lost. â€Å"Marvin, what are we going to do for the 200 mile stretch.† â€Å"What is it you’re concerned about McNicks?† â€Å"All of the radiation that seeps into them. We will be dealing with the radioactive mutants. What happens if we find something that we can’t kill or if we’re attacked overnight?† â€Å"We are going to hope for the best. At night if we need to we can do shifts. Split in 2 hour†¦show more content†¦I want to save the world from evident demise.† â€Å"Well then follow me, let’s trek through this tunnel and get to where we need fast.† This tunnel is quite old, still braced with wood rather than metal, might be easier to collapse if needed. Interestingly even as little travel as this tunnel get’s there are no cobwebs present. This used to be a mine shaft due to the wood planks. It seems some being has eaten the webs, both old a new. Look at these bite marks on the wall. About 2 inches wide, it might have been a dog. â€Å"Marvin, do you hear those noises? Something like a chain being dragged.† â€Å"I do, grab your machete McNicks.† â€Å"Ooh! It’s a soft and cute looking German Shepherd. Wait a minute it’s got---† â€Å"Get back! That howl is for it’s pack, it wants us.† Suddenly at least 20 more dogs come out from the darkness, all of which were drooling a green glowing saliva. Suddenly one leaped at Marvin. â€Å"Marvin I’m scared!† â€Å"Get behind me and you’ll be safe!† As the dogs grew closer, Marvin grew faster. He beat the dogs down with the hard plastic metal alloy sheath then killed them with his sword. One after the other he Knocked them down until they grew smarter. Silently 2 of the dogs backed off into the shadows when Marvin wasn’t looking. He was fighting one last dog who was dodging the knife. Finally Marvin was able to strike him with the sheath and then spill its blood. â€Å"Marvin, there’s still two moreShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. 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Performance Evaluation Process free essay sample

In the performance evaluation process, there are three major techniques to assessing an individual’s proficiency in the occupational workplace. They are Individual Evaluation Methods, Multiple-Person Evaluation Methods and Management by Objective. Each one of these focuses on different aspects of the evaluation process, but in the end, they all come up with near the same conclusion, job performance. 1 As defined in the book, performance management is the process by which executives, managers, and supervisors work to align employee performance with the firms’ goals. An effective performance management process has a precise definition of excellent performance, uses measurements of performance, and provides feedback to employees about their performance. Thus, it defines, measures, monitors, and gives feedback. Performance evaluation is a crucial part of a firm’s performance management process. 1 Reliability, Relevance, Sensitivity and Practicality are 4 characteristics that criterion should in order to be effective. These definitions can be defined loosely, however, to me they represent what a supervisors’ basis of evaluating be judged by. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Evaluation Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Reliability is one who is accurate, honest and dependable on achievement. Relevance is what is bearing upon or connected with the matter at hand; otherwise, it is what is pertinent. Sensitivity is just what it says, it is the state or quality if being sensitive, for example, the rater needs to consider the needs of the individual. And practicality is one who is pretty much sensible and refers to good judgment to make a decisive decision. There are different people within the organization, dependent upon the size and capacity of the corporation, to conduct the job performance evaluations and determine the result of each individual’s achievement. Whether it is done by peers, multiple supervisors, outside influences, people underneath, or even by self-evaluations the conclusion will be the same, but how you get to that point, everyone takes a different route. The organization that I am currently working for, the evaluations that we do are done by our department heads. Since I am a technician, I do not necessarily have much authority there, for obvious reasons. There are LPNs, then we have RNs, and above them are charge nurses, and the charge nurses are what you refer to in the business field as managers, or supervisors. After you have charge nurses you have the DRs and then come the department directors. The directors are usually nurses who have worked in the hospital field for some time and have some sort of management background. Like I mentioned earlier, the three major techniques to assessing an individuals’ performance can be broken down into subcategories. Individual Evaluation Methods can include graphic rating scale, forced choice, essay evaluation, critical incident technique, checklists and weighted checklists, behaviorally anchored rating scales and behavioral observation scales. Multiple-Person Evaluation Methods can include ranking, paired comparison and forced distribution. According to the book, Management by Objective is its’ own category. For the purpose of time and argument, I am not going not to go into depth about each and one of these styles of evaluation. It would make sense that the human resources department would perform the evaluations, but when you work in a business that employs over 1500 people, not only would it be a little hard for the HR department to conduct at least the once a year performance scopes, but also knowing which department they work and using that departments guidelines as a basis for their performance. Furthermore, the HR officer does not have a full understanding on what takes place in that specific department or how that employee is performing on a day to day basis. So, from what I was told, that is why they have the department directors perform the yearly assessments. My father actually used to be one. He was the Director of Pharmacy for almost 20 years, until he stepped down and became the Director of Chaplain Services, which has been almost 5 years doing that. Essay evaluation is the job performance evaluation that is conducted, at least in the department I work for. The reason being is that our department is small and it consists of about 2 RNs, 1 LPN, 3 Technicians, a Physician and sometimes another floating LPN, if we are lucky enough and busy enough. It doesn’t really take more than like an hour for our director to get through all of us, and especially being so small, she talks to us throughout the year anyway, so the yearly reviews are more like a recap of what we discussed throughout that past year.

Soy & Milk Allergy Essays - Food Allergies, Allergology,

Soy allergy affects approximately 1% of people in the US mainly infants. Soy, also called soya is one of the top eight most common foods that triggers allergies in children. Soy allergy often begins with the introduction of soy-based formula for infants which is mainly due to a switch from cow?s milk-based formula. This reaction may occur after 1 to 2 weeks of starting the formula. Although, most children outgrow this allergy by age 3, some persist and it is becoming more common in adults. The signs and symptoms of soy allergy are mild, but can be serious in rare cases by a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis. Death due to soy allergy has occurred in people who have both a severe peanut allergy and asthma. The symptoms of soy allergy are tingling of the mouth; hives; itching or eczema; swelling of the lips, face, tongue and throat and other parts of the body; canker sore; wheezing runny nose or trouble breathing; abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting; dizziness; lightheadedness or fainting. When a severe case occur more extreme signs and symptoms occurs such as constriction of airways, finding it difficult to breath; shock with a severe drop in one?s blood pressure; rapid pulse; dizziness, lightheadness or loss of consciousness. All food allergies including soy are caused by an abnormal response of the body?s defense mechanism called immune system. People with food allergies have an antibody called immunoglobulin E or IgE. Soybean allergy involves the production of protein (allergen) specific IgE antibodies in certain individuals upon exposure to soy protein, following the production these antibodies travel to cells called mast cells, which are found mainly in parts of the body like the nose, eyes, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. The IgE then attaches to the surface of the mast cells and waits for their particular allergen. On contact at another time the allergens are captured by the IgE antibody, which initiates the release of histamine and other body chemicals from the mast cells which produces the symptoms of the allergic reaction. To date researchers have identified 16 possible soy protein allergens, but they are not clear as to how an allergic reaction occurs. There are 2 major cross-reactivity concerns with soy; first between soy and birch pollen and second with other legumes, especially peanuts, however most persons with this form of allergy do tolerate peanuts, peas and other legumes. Test and diagnosis is similar for all others allergies ? blood and skin test and treatment is to avoid soybeans and all soy products and use medications such as antihistamines. If there is a serious allergic reaction, a emergency room visit is needed for an emergency injection of epinephrine (adrenaline). Milk allergy is one of the most common allergy causing foods in children and is the leading cause of allergic reaction reactions in infants and young children. It affects about 1-7.5% infants in the US due to the proteins found in cow?s milk and cow?s milk-based formulas. It is outgrown in children by age 2 or 3. Infants are thought to be susceptible to this allergic syndrome because of their immature immune and digestive systems. The allergic reaction usually occurs a few minutes to a few hours after consumption, but in some cases it can take days before signs and symptoms occur also within the days to months of birth. The signs and symptoms range from mild to severe, differs from person to person, occurs within minutes to a few hours of ingesting milk and also after exposure to milk for an extended period of time. Infants rarely have an allergic reaction to smalls amounts of cow?s milk protein passed along through the mother?s breast milk. Immediately occurring symptoms of milk allergy are: wheezing; vomiting; hives; but loose stool that contains blood and mucus; diarrhea; abdominal cramps; coughing; skin rashes and runny nose may take sometime to develop. Milk allergy rarely causes anaphylaxis, which shows immediate symptoms and signs after consuming milk. There are two types of proteins in milk that causes an allergic reaction: Casein ? found only in the solid portion (curd) of milk which curdles; and Whey ? found in the liquid portion that remains after milk curdles. A person can be allergic to either one of these proteins or both, but